Seven U.S. states that depend on the overused Colorado River on Monday reached agreement to cut consumption and help save a river that provides drinking water for 40 million people and irrigation for some of the country's most bountiful farmland.
Arizona, California and Nevada will reduce intake by 3 million acre-feet (3.7 billion cubic meters) through the end of 2026, an amount equal to 13% of their river allotment, under a deal brokered and announced by the Biden administration.
Those three make up the Lower Basin states of the century-old Colorado River Compact, which assigns water rights to them plus the four Upper Basin states of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming.
While the Upper Basin states draw their water directly from the river and its tributaries, the Lower Basin states depend on Lake Mead, the reservoir created by the Hoover Dam and whose spigot is controlled by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.
The river's long-term health is critical for the entire region, particularly for the economies of major cities such as Los Angeles, Las Vegas and Phoenix, and the agricultural industry.
Monday's agreement clears a major hurdle for reaching a three-year plan for distributing water rights starting in 2024. Without a deal, the federal government might have been forced to impose cuts, likely provoking a flurry of lawsuits.
The agreement, billed by the states as a "historic success," followed a year of arduous negotiations that featured two blown deadlines.
It was facilitated by an extraordinary deluge this year that filled reservoirs and packed the mountains with snow.
Moreover, the Biden administration made it rain with $1.2 billion in grants under the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022 that will compensate local water districts, cities and Native American tribes for cutting back.
"This year's hydrology was really important, and not only the rains in California," said Estevan Lopez, New Mexico's signatory to the deal as the state's commissioner to the river compact. "That made this possible, along with the funding from the IRA."
TOUGHER TALKS AHEAD
Now the seven states must go back to work on longer-term deal starting in 2027, most likely for 20 years, that must be reached without being able to count on rainy years or a flood of federal dollars, and with effects of climate change looming.
"There are significantly more difficult things in the future that are going to have to be agreed to," said John Entsminger, Nevada's representative.
Colorado River water runs through Central Arizona Project canals in Pinal County, Arizona, U.S., April 9, 2023. REUTERS/Rebecca Noble/File Photo
The Colorado River Compact has long been problematic as it was agreed following an usually wet period, misleading signatories into believing more water was available to them.
The river has been further strained by rapid population growth and, in this century, a historic drought that - until this year's rains - threatened to drain reservoir levels below the intake valves that deliver water downstream and cut off hydroelectric production.
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Entsminger said officials now acknowledge there will be less Colorado River water available in the 21st century than there was in the 20th.
But he cited Las Vegas, which has seen its population increase by 800,000 people since 2002 while cutting Colorado River consumption by 31%, as an example of how to grow amid scarcity.
While significant, the deal leaves out two major river users: Mexico and Native American tribes.
Lopez said Mexico, which receives 1.5 million acre-feet per year under a 1944 treaty with the United States, has signaled a willingness to cooperate, and the tribes, which have an estimated one-fourth to one-third of the water rights, have been kept informed of the talks.
Sederet agenda di Kota Bogor telah dipersiapan dalam perayaan hari jadi Bogor atau HJB ke-541 tahun, tepatnya pada 03 Juni 2023 mendatang.
Ketua Panitia HJB ke-541, Rakhmawati mengatakan nantinya beberapa kegiatan akan dilakukan di Kota Bogor jelang perayaan.
Salah satunnya adalah heleran yang melibatkan seluruh organisasi perangkat daerah (OPD), serta festival hujan ontel yang akan berlangsung pada tanggal 18 Juni mendatang.
“Untuk festival ontel kami hadirkan ada dari Bogor dan luar Bogor,” ucap Rakhmawati yang juga pernah menjabat sebagai Kepala Dinas Perhubungan Kota Bogor.
Tak lupa, masih kata Rakhmawati ada kegaitan paripurna yang akan berlangsung di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD) Kota Bogor.
“Tanggal 3 nanti rombongan datang dari Balai Kota sampai DPRD Kota Bogor di sambut dengan drumband, ada acara lengser serta pemungkulan gong dan dilanjut paripurna,” tutup Rakhmawati.
Logo Hari Jadi Bogor
Logo Hari Jadi Bogor (HJB) ke-541. Logo bertemakan Rumawat Pusaka Kota. Ketua Panitia HJB ke-541 Rakhmawati mengatakan, logo HJB ke-541 menyuguhkan ornamen gerbang atau gapura pada angka 5 dan 1.
Gerbang atau gapura tersebut diambil dari lokasi yang akan dijadikan museum Pajajaran di kawasan Batutulis.
Museum ini sebagai upaya pelestarian benda-benda bersejarah peninggalan kerajaan Pajajaran. Secara filosofis makna gapura dapat diartikan sebagai struktur bangunan yang merupakan pintu masuk atau gerbang menuju ke suatu kawasan.
"Sehingga gapura sering diartikan sebagai suatu simbol gerbang menuju kawasan masa depan yang cerah, makmur dan sukses bagi masyarakat yang tinggal di dalamnya," jelas Rakhmawati, pada hari Kamis, 18/5/2023.
Kemudian, pada angka 4 yang diapit oleh gapura tersebut disematkan ornamen kujang, sebagai benda pusaka Jawa Barat sekaligus salah satu ikon Kota Bogor.
Untuk arti warna logo oranye dan biru, Rakhmawati menjelaskan, oranye memberi kesan hangat dan bersemangat serta merupakan simbol dari optimisme dan kemampuan dalam bersosialisasi. Sementara biru, mewakili makna kepercayaan, kesetiaan, ketulusan, dan kebijaksanaan.
"Dari perspektif psikologi warna, warna biru memiliki arti dapat diandalkan dan bertanggung jawab," pungkasnya.
KOSTI Bogor Siap Meriahkan Hari Jadi Bogor Ke 541
Komunitas Sepeda Tua Indonesia (KOSTI) Bogor bersiap untuk memeriahkan Hari Jadi Bogor (HJB) ke 541 yang jatuh pada 3 Juni 2023.
Dengan mengusung tema Bogor Hujan Onthel (BHO), KOSTI Bogor mengajak Onthelis Nusantara untuk mengenang dan melihat dari dekat Kota Bogor.
Dan dilaksanakan selama dua hari, yakni Sabtu 17 dan Minggu 18 Juni 2023 bertempat di GOR Padjajaran Kota Bogor.
Ketua KOSTI Bogor, A Iwan Mokhamad R menyebut salah satu agendanya adalah ‘NGONTEL BARENG' dengan berkeliling Kota dengan rute kurang lebih sejauh 4 kilometer.
Dengan melalui GOR Padjadjaran – Jambu Dua – RRI – Sempur – Lewat Istana Bogor – Mampir Museum Peta – Kembali ke GOR Padjadjaran.
Selama perjalanan, kata Iwan onthelis juga akan menikmati beragam kuliner khas Kota Bogor dan mengenal budaya.
“Serta mengunjungi tempat-tempat bersejarah yang ada di Kota Bogor, salah satunya Museum Peta (Pembela Tanah Air),” kata Iwan kepada Bogordaily.net, Sabtu 20 Mei 2023.
Dipilihnya lokasi tersebut, sambung Iwan, karena museum PETA merupakan museum yang didirikan untuk memberikan penghargaan kepada mantan tentara PETA atas kontribusinya dalam pendirian bangsa dan negara.
Dengan demikian, onthelis Nusantara dapat mengenal koleksi yang ada di museum.
Seperti relief atau monumen yang menceritakan awal terbentuknya tentara PETA dan terjadinya pertempuran tentara PETA melawan penjajah, patung, perlengkapan perang, meriam, dan senjata lainnya.
Kata dia, monumen yang ada di museum ini berupa patung Soedirman dan Supriyadi.
Selain itu, Museum PETA memiliki 14 diorama yang menceritakan tentang peristiwa pembentukan tentara PETA dan beberapa kontribusinya dalam proses pergerakan kebangsaan untuk mencapai kemerdekaan.
Kata dia, monumen yang ada di museum ini berupa patung Soedirman dan Supriyadi.
Selain itu, Museum PETA memiliki 14 diorama yang menceritakan tentang peristiwa pembentukan tentara PETA dan beberapa kontribusinya dalam proses pergerakan kebangsaan untuk mencapai kemerdekaan.
Untuk memeriahkan Hari Jadi Bogor ke 541, Iwan mengajak masyarakat khususnya pecinta sepeda tua untuk mengenal lebih dekat Kota Bogor.
“Mari hadir dan datang di Kota Bogor kita kumpul dan bersilaturahmi saat acara Bogor Hujan Onthel yang bertepatan juga dengan Hari Jadi Bogor ke-541,” ajak Iwan.
Bagi peserta yang menginap di lokasi ada ruang bersama di Wisma Atlit sambil menikmati minuman dan makanan kecil atau di Kamar Wisma Atlit kapasitas 100 orang dengan biaya Rp. 50.000 per orang.
“Sementara bagi yang ingin menginap di hotel sekitar GOR Pajajaran cukup banyak bisa di cari mesin pencarian Google dengan tarif bervariasi sesuai selera dan keinginan masing-masing,” katanya.
Sekadar informasi, dalam sejarah perjalanan komunitas sepeda tua, Kota Bogor adalah salah satu Kota yang tidak bisa lepas dari perjalanan Komunitas Sepeda Tua Indonesia (KOSTI).
Di mana kongres pertama KOSTI tanggal 9-10 Februari 2008 dilaksanakan di Gedung Bakorwil Kota Bogor
For months, the Artemovsk (Bakhmut) "meat grinder" has been the center of the world's attention. On May 20, 2023, at noon, the city was fully liberated by Russian forces. What is so special about Bakhmut and what is it famous for?
Even though the Kiev regime admitted the loss of Artemovsk, the Western press is not eager to acknowledge the profound defeat of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. As per The New York Times, the capture of Artemovsk is only a "symbolic victory": "controlling it would not necessarily help Moscow" towards its larger stated goals, the newspaper claims, referring to Russia's plans of liberating the Donbass region.
For starters, let's find out what Artemovsk is, why it is called Bakhmut, and what its story is.
What is the History of Bakhmut?
The city is located on the Bakhmut-Turetskaya Upland of the Donetsk ridge on the Bakhmutka River, 89 kilometers northeast of Donetsk.
Believe it or not, Bakhmut is an ancient Russian city. The first official mention of Bakhmut goes back to 1571, when the Russian czar, Ivan the Terrible, ordered the creation of border fortifications along the Aidar and Seversky Donets rivers, to protect the southern border of the Russian state from Crimean-Nogai slave raids. One of these strongholds, "storozha," was named after the nearby Bakhmutka River, a tributary of the Seversky Donets, and located at the mouth of a stream called the Chornyi Zherebets.
Vast salt deposits were later discovered there. Russian Emperor Peter the Great stepped up the development of the salt deposits in the region: in 1703, by his order, a new fortress was built on the Bakhmutka River. However, two years later, a detachment of Don Cossacks led by Kondraty Bulavin captured the Bakhmut salt works and destroyed the fortress amid the so-called Bulavin uprising of 1707-1708.
Having curbed the turmoil, Peter the Great ordered the construction of new fortifications. In 1710, an earthen fortress was laid on the left bank of the Bakhmutka River; it later was expanded and strengthened.
In the middle of the 18th century, Bakhmut became the administrative center of Slavic Serbia – an Imperial Russian territory of military agricultural settlements of Serbs, Moldavians, and Bulgarians on the southern bank of the river Seversky Donets (1753-1764). Later, in 1783, Bakhmut became a district town of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate of the Russian Empire.
In 1876, new large reserves of rock salt were discovered in the Bakhmut region. Eventually, the number of mines substantially increased, and in 1874 a salt plant was launched there, producing approximately 32.7 million kilograms of salt per year. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were more than 70 small industrial enterprises in the city, as well as four salt mines that were part of the Bakhmut salt syndicate. Metalworking has also developed.
Is it Bakhmut or Artemovsk?
Following the Great October Revolution of 1917, one of the revolutionary leaders, Vladimir Lenin decided to incorporate the historically Russian Donbass region into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
In 1918, the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic was founded: the idea of the Donbass communists was to maintain the region's autonomy within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
However, in a March 4, 1918 letter to the Extraordinary Commissioner of Ukraine, Sergo Ordzhonikidze, Lenin criticized the desire of the inhabitants of Donbass to join the Russian SFSR. In the end, the Communist Party decided to make Donbass a part of Ukraine. As per historians, Lenin wanted to "dilute" the peasant population of the Ukrainian SSR with "Donbas proletarians" who supported the Bolsheviks. Due to this politico-social engineering, Bakhmut turned into a Ukrainian city.
Vladimir Lenin in a car before leaving from Red Square on the Day of International Workers' Solidarity 1 May 1919 - Sputnik International, 1920, 22.05.2023
In 1920, the city became the administrative center of the Donetsk province of the Ukrainian SSR, while in September 1924, Bakhmut was renamed Artemovsk in honor of Communist Party statesman and founder of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic Fyodor Sergeev, known under the pseudonym "Comrade Artem." The Bakhmut district also received the name "Artemovsky."
Following the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Artemovsk became part of the Donetsk region of a newly established state, Ukraine. After the US-backed February 2014 coup d'etat in Kiev, the Donbass region didn’t accept the junta's illegitimate ouster of then-Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich, the banning of the Russian language, glorification of Nazi collaborators Stepan Bandera and Roman Shchukhevych, and other Russophobic policies.
During the course of the Donbass resistance, some parts of the region managed to break away from Kiev. Others fell under the control of the Kiev regime during Ukraine's so-called "anti-terror operation" against dissenting civilians in Eastern Ukraine. So did Artemovsk.
In 2015, Artemovsk was renamed as Bakhmut as part of the Kiev regime's "de-communization" policies and the overall bid to distance it from Russia and shared Russo-Ukrainian history. Ironically, the city has regained its old Russian name.
What is so Special About Bakhmut?
Over the course of the Russian special military operation, Artemovsk (Bakhmut) turned into nothing short of a "meat-grinder." Despite the Western press' current downplaying of the significance of Artemovsk's liberation, the Ukrainian leadership made every effort to maintain control over the city. Remarkably, while saying that Russia's victory is merely "symbolic," the Western media nonetheless report that Kiev is scrambling to "encircle it" and take it back. But what's the fuss if the city is so "unimportant"?
Speaking to Sputnik in January 2023, Mark Sleboda, a US military veteran and international affairs and security analyst, explained that, first, "being kind of right in the center of the Donetsk region, Bakhmut (Artemovsk) has often been called the key to Donetsk."
"Bakhmut is also a major transport and logistical hub because it's got two highways that are intersected and railroads that run north all the way to Moscow and then they go through south and then bend around down into Donetsk city," Sleboda said.
Second, Bakhmut was the linchpin of the entire second line of defense of the Kiev regime, the US military veteran continued. "After that, there's only one last defensive line in Donetsk of any major node between Slavyansk and Kramatorsk, further to the west," Sleboda noted, adding that the liberation of Artemovsk would open the door to further advances of the Russian military forces in other directions.
Third, the city's liberation ensures greater control of the Donetsk-Seversky Canal, which provides water to Donetsk city: the Kiev regime cut off the water supply to Donetsk five years ago.
The city has been of utmost importance to both sides since the beginning of the special military operation. Hence, the entire conflict has long centered on what happened there; and it is precisely for this reason that Kiev sent tens of thousands of reinforcements into the city to preserve control over this geostrategic and logistic hub.
Now, Kiev's loss of Artemovsk may also make a dent in the West's determination to funnel weapons to Ukraine, according to retired US Air Force Lt. Col. Karen Kwiatkowski.
"In practical and strategic terms, control of the city in its entirety allows the start of rebuilding and normalization there for the people of the city, and real hope for the end of the [Artemovsk] 'meat-grinder.' While Ukrainian forces may still attack the city from the west and north, the decision on who holds the city is in practical terms already decided," the former analyst for the US Department of Defense told Sputnik on May 21.
Taking control of Artemovsk was a military victory that shows Russia is winning, US military expert and former US Marine Corps intelligence officer Scott Ritter told Sputnik on Sunday. "Russia has developed tactical operational and strategic advantages over Kiev that make it almost impossible for Ukraine’s forces to be able to amass military power of sufficient quantity to carry out a sustained offensive operation," Ritter said, adding that future developments will show how Russia will use its new geostrategic advantage.
Salt has been an indispensable part of human life since time immemorial. An important item of trade, it has at times been a decisive factor in economic stability, while wars have even been waged over possession of this mineral. Unsurprisingly, salt mining was among the first industries in Ancient Rus.
Soledar, though itself not dating back to the Middle Ages, is inextricably linked to the extraction of salt. The first mention of settlements in the area dates back to the end of the 17th century, when the village of Bryantsevka appeared in the vicinity of the deposits. By the end of the 19th century, deep salt beds had been discovered here, and construction of the first mine began.
Production peaked in Soviet times, when the Artemsol enterprise accounted for about 40% of the rock salt production in the entire USSR. In its most successful years, the enterprise could produce over 7 million tons annually, which is comparable to the modern production of Brazil (6.3 million tons per year) and Canada (10 million tons per year). Today, only about 2 million tons of salt are mined per year in Russia.
Despite the large production volume, only 218 million tons have been extracted over the past 140 years – about 3% of the total deposit. This means that there is enough remaining to last for over 1,000 years. Meanwhile, Ukraine’s only remaining salt mines are located in the western part of the country.
In recent times, one of the mines at Artemsol was turned into a speleotherapy sanatorium, where respiratory illnesses were treated. Tourists could also visit some mines on guided tours, and there is a salt industry museum and a church – both located underground.
Other drifts were used as warehouses for storing weapons and explosives, although at the time of my visit they were empty. (According to recent information, the largest warehouses for storing weapons and ammunition came under Russian control in the village of Paraskovevka, south of Soledar.) In one of the mines we found a neutrino detector, one of two such apparatuses created in the Soviet Union.
This salt deposit began forming from an ancient sea around 250 million years ago, during the Permian period. Present-day Donbass is located at the site of a shallow lagoon of the ancient Perm Sea. As the water evaporated, the mineral gradually settled at the bottom of the lagoon.
The vertical mineshaft is similar to those used for the construction of subways and bomb shelters. Only this one is much deeper, reaching 290 meters beneath ground. The walls are lined with cast-iron tubing, as in metro tunnels. Since the elevators are currently damaged and cut off from power, the only way down is via an endless staircase, which took us about an hour to descend. A flashlight doesn’t illuminate the bottom of the mineshaft, and it’s impossible to estimate its depth with the naked eye.
Our journey began at the concrete ventilation shaft. When the mine was in operation, stable levels of pressure, temperature, humidity, and oxygen were maintained here. Presently, however, all ground systems have been damaged or cut off from power, and the temperature below ground is noticeably warmer than on the surface.
The salt produced at Artemsol was exported to 22 countries. The main consumers were Poland, Austria, Hungary, Finland, Germany, and Denmark. Russia was also among the top importers of salt (mainly the technical variety) – in fact, the Russian market accounted for more than half of the enterprise’s output.
The wall on the left bears the characteristic imprint of the combine’s incisors. These tunnels were dug with a special machine that cut through the rock from top to bottom. By counting the number of round recesses at the end of the tunnel (in the photo above, there are only two), it is easy to guess the number of times the combine passed through here.
In over a hundred years of mining, the underground system of tunnels has greatly expanded and now reaches about 300 kilometers in length.
The walls are made of pure salt – the sodium chloride content here exceeds 98%. Most of the salt cut by the combine can be immediately packaged and sold.
We approach mine No. 3. This is one of the oldest chambers and among the main tourist attractions in Soledar. Before the war, thousands of tourists visited it annually.
The museum, speleotherapy sanatorium, and currently empty weapons warehouses were all located here. Above ground, the war continues, and despite the depth of the mine, we can still hear distant volleys of artillery fire.
At this depth, the tunnels stretch for hundreds of kilometers, connecting the mines that were in operation until last year.
One of the Wagner fighters who accompanied me tried to start a diesel transport vehicle. However, all attempts were unsuccessful since the battery had died.
Since the 1960s, these warehouses were used for storing old weapons, such as Mosin rifles (from the times of the Russian Empire), Shpagin submachine guns (Second World War era), and seized German weapons. But the warehouses that we visited turned out to be completely empty.
In another drift we found a recreation zone with a bar. The huge empty chamber is furnished with cheap plastic figures and seats from IKEA.
Salt was once extracted here as well, but later these mines were used for medical purposes and shown to tourists.
The Soledar salt deposit recently celebrated its 140th anniversary, as is evident from a Ukrainian poster.
The walls of the mine are decorated with various bas-reliefs made by several generations of miners and later, when salt was no longer extracted in these drifts, by professional sculptors.
When the city was stormed, Russian troops assumed that the enemy would use the mines for defense purposes. However, no underground battles took place here.
Ukrainian forces were positioned only at the entrance to the shafts, because they realized that going down would mean condemning themselves to a certain death – the only way up was through a limited number of exits, all of which were soon blocked by Russian fighters.
Earlier, two civilians were killed and another one was injured as a result of a Ukrainian shelling of a village in Russia's Belgorod region.
The Russian Defense Ministry, the Federal Security Service (FSB) and the Border Service reported to President Vladimir Putin about an attempt to break into the Belgorod region by Ukrainian saboteurs, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on Monday.
"The Ministry of Defense, the FSB and the Border Service reported to the Russian president ... about an attempt by a Ukrainian sabotage group to break into the Belgorod region. Work is underway to push them out of the Russian territory and destroy this sabotage group. There are enough forces and resources on the spot," Peskov said.
The purpose of sabotage acts, like the one in the Belgorod region, is to divert attention from what is going on in the city of Bakhmut and to minimize the political effect of the loss of city by Kiev, the official added.
Earlier in the day, Belgorod region Governor Vyacheslav Gladkov said that a Ukrainian sabotage and reconnaissance group had infiltrated the territory of the Grayvoronsky district of the region.
"A sabotage and reconnaissance group of the Ukrainian armed forces infiltrated the territory of the Grayvoronsky district. The armed forces of Russia, together with the border service, the Russian Guard and the FSB, are taking the necessary measures to eliminate the enemy," Gladkov wrote on Telegram.
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The governor of the Belgorod region said three people were hospitalized with shrapnel wounds and a kindergarten caught fire after shelling in the Grayvoronsky district.
The governor added that he would report on the details.
Ukraine has carried out several attacks on the Russian regions along its border, including the Belgorod region, amid Moscow’s special military operation.
In February, Russia launched a special military operation in Ukraine, after the Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics (DPR and LPR) appealed for help in defending themselves against Ukrainian attacks.
IN BRIEF: What we know so far about Ukrainian sabotage attack on Belgorod Region
A Ukrainian sabotage group infiltrated the Grayvoron District of the Belgorod Region on Monday, regional Governor Vyacheslav Gladkov said.
According to the latest data, the Russian military and security forces are taking measures to eliminate the enemy and are driving it away from the Russian territory. Russian President Vladimir Putin has been briefed about the situation.
TASS has put together the highlights of what has been reported about the attack as of now.
The infiltration by Ukrainian saboteurs was reported by Gladkov. He said the Russian military, border guards and the servicemen of the National Guard and the Federal Security Service are taking "necessary measures to eliminate the enemy."
Before that, the governor said two people were injured in a shelling of the village of Glotovo of the Grayvoron District. He said one of the casualties, a woman, who suffered wounds from a mine explosion, had been taken to a hospital in serious condition. The other person, a man, was in a condition of medium gravity.
The Kremlin later confirmed that a Ukrainian sabotage group had tried to force its way into the Belgorod Region, and the group is now being driven away from the Russian territory and eliminated.
Kremlin Spokesman Dmitry Peskov said there are sufficient forces and equipment on the scene to combat the saboteurs. He said Putin had been briefed about the incident.
The Kremlin’s assessment
Peskov said the goal of the sabotage attack is "to divert attention from the Bakhmut area and reduce to a minimum the political effect from the loss of Artyomovsk by the Ukrainian side." The Russian Defense Ministry said into the night of May 21 that the town in Donbass had been fully liberated.
Previous attacks
The Russian Defense Ministry has regularly reported stopping Ukrainian sabotage attacks in Russia’s new regions: The Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics and the Zaporozhye and Kherson regions.
The previous sabotage attack took place in the Bryansk Region on March 2. Two people were killed, and a boy with the date of birth in 2012 was wounded at the time. The boy was able to lead two girls that were nearby out of harm’s way.
Putin then called the attack on villages outside Bryansk a terrorist attack.
