Voters in many countries are suffering a crisis of faith in their democracies and institutions, a survey by a governance watchdog showed, painting a bleak picture in a year in which more than half of the world’s population holds elections.
With the United States, India, Britain and the European Union going to the polls in 2024, the report published on Thursday by the International Institute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) offers a sombre snapshot of the perceived health of many democracies.
The results show that voters in 11 of the 19 countries surveyed, which included the U.S. and India, fewer than half of the people believed the most recent election was free and fair.
Only voters in Denmark believed courts 'always' or 'often' provide access to justice, while in 8 of 19 countries, more people had favourable views of "a strong leader who doesn't have to bother with parliament or elections" than had unfavourable views.
"Democracies must respond to the scepticism of their public, both by improving governance and by combating the growing culture of disinformation that has fostered false accusations against credible elections," International IDEA Secretary-General Kevin Casas-Zamora said in a statement.
This year's presidential election in the United States is likely to see incumbent Democrat Joe Biden face off again against ex-president Donald Trump, who falsely claimed widespread voter fraud when he lost the presidency in 2020.
The survey showed that only 47 per cent of respondents in the United States expressed faith that the country had credible electoral processes.
Elections for Europe's parliament which take place in June could see big gains for the far-right and impact policy from support for Ukraine in its war against Russia's full-scale invasion to measures to address climate change.
In February, the parliament condemned what it called Russian attempts to undermine European democracy.
The survey, conducted between July 2023 and January 2024, polled about 1,500 people in each of 19 countries including Brazil, Chile, Colombia, The Gambia, Iraq, Italy, Lebanon, Lithuania, Pakistan, Romania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Korea and Tanzania.
Modi eyes a third win in India election. Who is he and how did he come to power?
Narendra Modi often says he likes to think big, dream big and act big.
Having sold tea at a railway station as a boy while his mother washed dishes to make ends meet, the man who looks set to be only the second Indian to win three national elections in a row has come a long way from his humble beginnings. And, he is still thinking big.
Opinion polls ahead of the election starting on April 19 predict he will equal the three-term record of India's first prime minister, the Western-educated and wealthy Jawaharlal Nehru, who famously called India's independence in 1947 a "tryst with destiny".
If he wins, it may be the 73-year-old Modi's last term in office and he wants to cement a legacy of setting India on the path to abolishing poverty and becoming a fully developed nation by 2047, the 100th year of independence from British colonial rule.
He has set a tentative target of increasing the size of the economy by about eight times to $29 trillion by then and the per-capita income by about seven times to nearly $18,000, apart from securing a permanent seat at the U.N. Security Council.
Line charts showing projections for various indicators "I am dedicating every moment to making India a developed country," Modi said at a campaign rally this month. "That's why I am working 24X7 for 2047."
The opposition says another term for Modi could severely damage India's secular and democratic traditions, arguing his Hindu nationalist agenda has polarised the country. He has also been accused of authoritarian rule, a clampdown on dissent and politically motivated arrests of key opposition leaders for alleged corruption.
In a relentless pursuit of votes for nearly 23 years, beginning in 2001 when he became chief minister of his native Gujarat state, Modi has not shied away from using his modest upbringing to build a following in a country where hundreds of millions of its 1.42 billion people are poor.
"I know the pain of living under a weak roof," he said this week in Bastar, one of the most underdeveloped regions in India.
"I know what a mother goes through when there is no food at home. I know how helpless one feels when there is no money to buy medicine. Therefore, I decided that I will not rest until I remove every worry of the poor."
He regularly ridicules the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty for what he sees as its entitled control of the main opposition Congress party despite heavy defeats in the last two elections, while he himself has kept his family at a distance - and out of politics.
"I have left my family. Not for myself, not for fun, but for my country. This is my country, this is my family," he told a rally last month.
TOO SUCCESSFUL?
Modi has not visited his family since his mother, who used to live in Gujarat with one of her four other sons, died in late 2022, said his younger brother Pankaj. Modi's estranged wife Jashodaben lives separately in the western state.
"My brother has always maintained a very clear boundary between his work and family," Pankaj Modi, a retired Gujarat government official, told Reuters in Gandhinagar, the state capital.
Modi's ability to overcome a difficult childhood has made him successful, but he may be too successful, said Surendra Kumar Dwivedi, a former head of the Department of Political Science at Lucknow University.
"My sole issue with Modi today is that he has become larger than the party itself," he said. "In a democratic system... a party should always supersede an individual."
HINDU FERVOUR
Modi and his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have consistently wooed the majority Hindu community, including by shepherding the building of a Hindu temple on the site of a razed mosque, igniting a wave of religious fervour.
Modi was once a pariah in the Western world because of deadly religious riots when he was chief minister of Gujarat in 2002. But he is now courted, thanks to India's world-beating economic growth and its position as a counter-balance against China.
At least 1,000 people, mostly Muslims, were killed across Gujarat in the riots, although activists put the toll at more than twice that number. Critics accused Modi of failing to protect Muslims, but he denied the charges and a Supreme Court-ordered investigation found no evidence to prosecute him.
The United States, nevertheless, has raised concerns over the treatment of Muslims, underprivileged Hindus, Christians and other religious minorities in India in his rule. Modi says his government works for the welfare of all without discriminating.
Modi has not addressed a single press conference in the past decade, but the Indian media fawns over him, giving him wall-to-wall coverage as he tours Hindu temples or speaks at rallies.
He honed his oratory as a full-time propagandist for the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the de facto parent of the BJP that he joined after school, distancing himself from his family.
With thinning white hair, a neatly trimmed white beard and immaculate Indian attire, Modi is the dominant face of election campaigns for the BJP.
In 2015, he was ridiculed for wearing a suit embroidered repeatedly with his name while meeting U.S. President Barack Obama.
The suit was later auctioned and sold to a Gujarat diamond merchant for over half a million U.S. dollars that was used on a project to clean the Ganges river.
Modi's aides and his ministerial colleagues say the demands on his time mean he sleeps little.
"I am working with a boss who practically works 20 hours a day and has not taken a single vacation in whatsoever number of years I have seen him," Ashwini Vaishnaw, minister for railways and electronics, told a recent event.
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